Gretchen Pruett is a writer and editor based out of Detroit, specializing in academic and...read more
Sheehy博士在爱达荷大学的分子生物学中完成了他的BS，并继续完成他的药房医生（药品）......read more
当有人需要足够的药物导致有毒或致命反应时，发生过量。你几乎可以过量，几乎是任何药物，无论是处方，柜台还是非法物质。
从1999 - 2017年的几年来看，美国约有70万人死于药物过量。过量的是一种完全可预防的死因，作为一个社会，我们应该采取每一个合理的步骤来帮助降低这个数字。
We can prevent overdose deaths with reliable and strong education efforts about substances of abuse, their effects on health, and addiction and dependence.
药物过量可能是致命的。如果您怀疑某人正在遇到过量，请致电911immediately. Do NOT be afraid to seek help.如果您无法访问电话联系Web Poison Control Servicesfor online assistance.
Table of Contents
过量是什么？
Overdosing is when someone takes too much of a substance which causes poisoning or death. People can overdose accidentally or they might take too much in a suicide attempt. Suicide by overdose does not always kill the person attempting it and can result in permanent damage, depending on the drug.
在2011-2016年之间，最常涉及过量的药物是：
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请注意，此列表中的十种药物中有六种药物是阿片类药物。关于来自2017年过量的70％的死亡是由阿片类药物引起的, and 130 people die each day in the United States from anopioid overdose。
据研究，一个opioidalmost always tops the list of drugs involved in overdoses, and cocaine usually lands second or third in frequency.
过量发生如何发生？
几种不同的方式，过量可以均为意外和故意。
- 过量情况的一些例子包括：
- Children accidentally swallowing pills, not knowing what they are.
- Intending to get high but taking too much by mistake.
- Intending to kill oneself by drug overdose.
- Mixing up or taking too much of a prescription drug by mistake.
- Taking the wrong medication, and too much.
We usually associate drug overdoses with substances of abuse, but many overdoses happen because of a mistake. Removing the stigma from drug overdose is an important first step in providing the right care for people who need it.
How Can You Prevent Overdoses?
To prevent an accidental overdose from prescription or over-the-counter medication, the following steps might help:
- Properly label all medication and do not remove it from its original container.
- Never mix multiple drugs in the same container unless in a properly labeled mediset.
- 不要留下含有儿童，动物或需要护理的成年人可以到达他们的药物。
- Never remove child-resistant tamper lids from medications unless you can guarantee that no one else has access to them.
- Do not leave medication in the open or lying around, and always store it in a safe and secure location.
- If you suspect an overdose and the person is awake and conscious, callpoison controlat1-800-222-1222。
- If you suspect an overdose and the person IS NOT AWAKE or is unconscious, call 911 immediately and follow their directions.
If you, friends or family members use substances of abuse that have an overdose potential, take a伤害减少方法to reduce the risk of overdose. Helpful steps can include:
- Do not mix drugs, especially depressants like阿片类药物,alcoholorbenzodiazepines。
- 如有必要，请勿自己用药物，并向赞助商或支持人员联系。
- If you just left the hospital, jail or detox your tolerance will be lower than it previously was.
- Talk with other members of your household and make sure they are educated on the signs and symptoms of a drug overdose.
请注意，减少损害方法不是滥用药物的认可。无论你对自己的感受如何，你的生活中都有人们不想看到你受伤。
Related Topic:Harm reduction therapy
- 抑制剂过量
像阿片类药物，酒精或苯并二氮杂虫等抑制剂会导致过量。过量的迹象可以包括：
- Blue lips or fingertips
- 模糊的视野
- 粘性或寒冷的皮肤
- Dizziness
- Dry mouth
- Extreme confusion
- Nausea and vomiting
- Slurred speech
- 呼吸困难
Serious depressant overdoses can lead to permanent damage, coma, and death. Depressants can shut down the parts of your brain that make you breathe, causing oxygen delivery to stop. Without oxygen, the brain quickly runs out of energy and starts to die. Other organs can be permanently damaged, but the brain is the first to lose adequate circulation. Therefore, damage to other parts of the body does not matter if the brain stops working.
- Opioid Overdose
Heroin overdose, fentanyl overdose, and other prescription opioids are all involved in the many opioid overdoses that occur.
症状opioid overdose are the same as symptoms of depressant overdose. However, opioid overdose can be reversed if the person overdosing receives appropriate medical attention.
阿片类药物过量可能发生非法阿片类药物莱克阀门e heroin, or from prescription pain-killers like hydrocodone, oxycodone or codeine.
- 纳洛酮for Opioid Overdose
纳洛酮is an opioid antagonist, which means it blocks other opioid drugs in the brain. Opioid drugs attach to opioid receptors on the surface of brain cells, which starts a chemical signal that can increase or decrease feelings of pain in the body.
纳洛酮is useful because even if someone has consumed a large amount of heroin, fentanyl or another opioid in the body, naloxone can bind more tightly to opioid receptors than opioids of abuse. In this way, naloxone bumps opioids out of opioid receptors and stops them from working.
纳洛酮DOES NOT然而，从身体中取出阿片类药物。如果有人接受纳洛酮，他们仍然需要去医院进行医疗支持，同时他们的身体代谢阿片类药物。
- Alcohol Overdose
Alcohol overdose is commonly referred to as alcohol poisoning. The most common way someone dies during an alcohol overdose is they stop breathing or they vomit which blocks the airway, preventing them from being able to breathe.
While someone is experiencing alcohol poisoning, their brain cannot fully wake and cough to clear vomit from their airway.
Other signs of alcohol overdose include:
- 蓝色或苍白的皮肤
- Confusion
- 体温低
- Passing out and cannot be awakened
- 缉获
- Slow or irregular breathing
- Vomiting
- Stimulant Overdose
可卡因overdose, methamphetamine overdose, andAdderall overdosefall into the category of stimulant overdose. Since stimulants increase energy, people do not die by suffocation during a stimulant overdose.
Stimulants cause the heart to beat too quickly and can cause clots that lead to stroke and heart attack. The rhythm of the heart can be affected, which may cause the heart to stop completely. Another serious side effect of stimulant overdose is necrosis, which is when skin and organ tissue starts to die because it does not receive enough oxygen.
Common and obvious symptoms of stimulant overdose include:
- Aggression
- Confusion
- Dangerously high temperature
- Fast breathing
- Fast heart rate
- Hallucinations (seeing or hearing things that are not there)
- Hyperactive (too fast) reflexes
- Panic or anxiety
- 烦躁不安
- 颤抖
Related Topic:兴奋剂过量治疗
- Marijuana Overdose
While many people claim that you cannot overdose from cannabis, you can in fact overdose on weed. However, what makes marijuana unique is that it does not cause death or permanent harm during an overdose.
对大麻的毒性大多是自我限制的，这意味着如果你花太多，你会在发生任何严重伤害之前变得无意识。
症状marijuana overdoseare mostly psychological and include:
- Anxiety
- Confusion
- Fast heart rate
- Panic or anxiety
- 偏执狂
- Severe nausea and vomiting
Vomiting is the most serious potential side effect and can cause dehydration if not treated. If you cannot stop vomiting during a cannabis overdose, report to the nearest hospital for treatment.
What Should You Do If You’re Overdosing?
If you are experiencing an overdose and you are alone, call 911. Calling poison control is an option, but if you lose consciousness during the phone call a 911 operator can more easily track your location.
如果您无法访问手机，请找一个可以帮助并提供有关过量的信息，包括：
- 你采取了什么药
- 你被摄取了多少
- How you took it
- 多久以前你接受了它
- 你多久使用一次药物
- If you have taken any other drugs, either legal or not
What Should You Do If You See Someone Overdosing?
Read aboutoverdose first aidand become familiar with different techniques. Your knowledge may help save a life.
If you are with someone who is having a mild overdose where they do not lose consciousness and they are awake, calling poison control is an option. However, poison control may recommend that you call an ambulance, so make sure to follow their advice. Poison control in most states is staffed by a nurse or pharmacist trained in poison management.
If the person you are with has lost consciousness, call 911 first. They may advise you to call poison control in the meantime, but make sure an ambulance is on the way first.
Do You Get In Trouble If You Go to the Hospital When Overdosing?
除非致力于严重犯罪，否则您不会因过量而遇到麻烦。医疗记录是保密的，没有法院命令不能转向警方。
If you report a drug overdose or assist in saving someone’s life, you are generally protected by Good Samaritan laws in most states. Consult an attorney or look up the specific laws in your state to learn specifics about laws surrounding overdose.
How to Get Overdose Treatment
Accidental and intentional overdoses are treated in the hospital. Based on the circumstances, the treatment team may then recommend substance abuse ormental health treatmentafter the medical situation is stable.
Note that even if the treatment team makes a recommendation, you are not compelled to follow the plan and whether to pursue treatment or not is your choice.
If you or someone you know has experienced a drug overdose, it may be a symptom of asubstance abuseproblem. Substance use disorders cause permanent harm. If you are concerned, call The Recovery Village, and we can help you探索治疗方案。你不是一个人，The Recovery Village可以帮助。
- Sources
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.“Is It Possible to “Overdose” or Have a “Bad Reaction”to Marijuana?” March 7, 2018. Accessed June 25, 2019.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.“Understanding the Epidemic.”December 19, 2019. Accessed June 25, 2019.
Hedegaard, Holly, et al.“药物最常见的药物过量死亡：美国，2011-2016。”2018年12月。2019年6月25日获得。
Mayo Clinic. “Alcohol Poisoning – Symptoms and Causes.” January 19, 2018. Accessed June 25, 2019.
Medline Plus。“药物使用急救:MedlinePlus医疗Encyclopedia.”Updated July 31, 2019. Accessed August 5, 2019.
Medline Plus。“Overdose: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia. 2018.”Updated July 31, 2019. Accessed August 5, 2019.
国家健康研究所。“Prescription Stimulants.”June 2018. Accessed June 25, 2019.
规定预防。“How to Prevent an Overdose.”2015. Accessed June 25, 2019.
WebMD.“药物过量。”2018年4月13日。2019年6月25日访问。
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- 过量情况的一些例子包括：
